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<title>Interrogative word</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Interrogative word</span></span>

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<p>An <b>interrogative word</b> or <b>question word</b> is a <a href="Function_word" title="Function word">function word</a> used to ask a <a href="Question" title="Question">question</a>, such as <i>what, which</i>, <i>when</i>, <i>where</i>, <i><a href="Who_(pronoun)" title="Who (pronoun)">who</a>, whom, whose</i>, <i>why</i>, <i>whether</i> and <i>how</i>. They are sometimes called <b>wh-words</b>, because in <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> most of them start with <i><a href="Wh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh (digraph)">wh-</a></i> (compare <a href="Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>). Most may be used in both direct (<i>Where is he going?</i>) and in <a href="Indirect_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect question">indirect questions</a> (<i>I wonder where he is going</i>). In English and various other languages the same forms are also used as <a href="Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronouns</a> in certain <a href="Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> (<i>The country where he was born</i>) and certain <a href="Adverb_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverb clause">adverb clauses</a> (<i>I go where he goes</i>). It can also be used as a modal, since question words are more likely to appear in modal sentences, like (<i>Why was he walking?</i>)

</p><p>A particular type of interrogative word is the <b>interrogative particle</b>, which serves to convert a statement into a <a href="Yes%E2%80%93no_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Yes–no question">yes–no question</a>, without having any other meaning. Examples include <i>est-ce que</i> in <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>, ли <i>li</i> in <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <i>czy</i> in <a href="Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, чи <i>chy in</i> <a href="Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, <i>ĉu</i> in <a href="Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <i>āyā</i> آیا in <a href="Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, কি <i>ki</i> in <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <span lang="zh-hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%97%8E#Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw external" title="wikt:嗎">嗎</a></span>/<span lang="zh-hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%97#Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw external" title="wikt:吗">吗</a></span> <i>ma</i> in <a href="Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">mı</i></span></i>/<i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">mi</i></span></i>/<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">mu</i></span><i>/</i><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">mü</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-vHarmony_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vHarmony-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <i>pa</i> in <a href="Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">か</span></span> <i>ka</i> in <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">까</span></span> <i>kka</i> in <a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <i>ko/kö</i><sup id="cite_ref-vHarmony_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vHarmony-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Finnish, <i>tat</i> in <a href="Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, (да) ли <i>(da) li</i> in <a href="Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">al</i></span> and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">ote</i></span> <a href="Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">in Basque</a>. <i>"Is it true that..."</i> and <i>"... right?"</i> would be a similar construct in English. Such <a href="Particle_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle (grammar)">particles</a> contrast with other interrogative words, which form what are called <a href="Wh-question" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh-question"><i>wh</i>-questions</a> rather than yes–no questions.

</p><p>For more information about the grammatical rules for using formed questions in various languages, see <a href="Interrogative" title="Interrogative">Interrogative</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_English">In English</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="English_interrogative_words" title="English interrogative words">English interrogative words</a></div>

<p>Interrogative words in English can serve as interrogative determiners, interrogative pronouns, or interrogative adverbs. Certain <a href="Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">pronominal adverbs</a> may also be used as interrogative words, such as <i>whereby</i> or <i>wherefore</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_determiner">Interrogative determiner</h3></div>

<p>The interrogative words <i>which</i>, <i>what</i> and <i>whose</i> are <a href="Determiner#Interrogative_determiners" title="Determiner">interrogative determiners</a> when specifying a <a href="Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">nominal phrase</a>: The question <i><u>Which</u> farm is the county’s largest?</i> specifies the noun <i>farm</i> as <a href="Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a>, while <i><u>What</u> farm?</i> is indefinite. In the question <i><u>Whose</u> gorgeous, pink painting is that?</i>, <i>whose</i> is the <a href="Determiner#Interrogative_determiners" title="Determiner">interrogative</a>, <a href="Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal</a>, <a href="Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive determiner</a> prompting a specification for the possessor of the noun phrase <i>gorgeous pink painting</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_pronoun">Interrogative pronoun</h3></div>

<p>The interrogative words <i>who</i>, <i>whom</i>, <i>whose</i>, <i>what</i> and <i>which</i> are interrogative pronouns when used in the place of a <a href="Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. In the question <i><u>Who</u> is the leader?</i>, the interrogative word <i>who</i> is a interrogative <a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> because it stands in the place of the noun or noun phrase the question prompts (e.g. <i>the king</i> or <i>the woman with the crown</i>). Similarly, in the question <i><u>Which</u> leads to the city center?</i> the interrogative word <i>which</i> is an interrogative pronoun because it stands in the place of a noun or noun phrase (e.g. <i>the road to the north</i> or <i>the river to your east</i>). Note, <i>which</i> is an interrogative <a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, not an interrogative <a href="Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a>, because there is no noun or noun phrase present to serve as a <a href="Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a> for. Consequently, in the question <i>Which leads to the city center?</i> the word <i>which</i> is an interrogative pronoun; when in the question <i>Which road leads to the city center?</i> the word <i>which</i> is an interrogative determiner for the noun <i>road</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogative_adverb">Interrogative adverb</h3></div>

<p>The interrogative words <i>where, when, how, why, whether, whatsoever</i>, and the more archaic <i><a href="Whither" class="mw-redirect" title="Whither">whither</a></i> and <i><a href="Whence" class="mw-redirect" title="Whence">whence</a></i> are interrogative <a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> when they modify a verb. In the question <i><u>How</u> did you announce the deal?</i> the interrogative word <i>how</i> is an interrogative adverb because it modifies the verb <i>did</i> (past tense of <i>to do</i>). In the question <i><u>Why</u> should I read that book?</i> the interrogative word <i>why</i> is an interrogative adverb because it describes the verb <i>should</i>.

</p><p>Note, in direct questions, interrogative adverbs always describe <a href="Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> such as <i>did</i>, <i>do</i>, <i>should</i>, <i>will</i>, <i>must</i>, or <i>might</i>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yes–no_questions">Yes–no questions</h3></div>

<p>A yes–no question can begin with an interrogative subject-verb inversion involving an auxiliary verb (or negative contraction), sometimes even if it is not performing the auxiliary function:

</p>

<ul><li>A finite inflection of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/be#Conjugation" class="extiw external" title="wikt:be">be</a> (e.g. Are you hungry?, Are you working from home today?)</li>

<li>A finite inflection of have (e.g. Have you any soup? Hasn’t she eaten lunch?)</li>

<li>A conjugation of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/do#Conjugation" class="extiw external" title="wikt:do">do</a> (e.g. Do you want fries?) - see <a href="Do-support#In_questions" title="Do-support">Do-support § In questions</a></li>

<li>A conjugation of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_modal_verbs" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Category:English modal verbs">modal verb</a> (e.g. Can't you move any faster?)</li></ul>

<p>English questions can also be formed without an interrogative word as the first word, by changing the intonation or punctuation of a statement. For example: "You're done eating?"

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_with_-ever">Forms with <i>-ever</i></h3></div>

<p>Most English interrogative words can take the <a href="Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <i>-ever</i>, to form words such as <i>whatever</i> and <i>wherever</i>. (Older forms of the suffix are <i>-so</i> and <i>-soever</i>, as in <i>whoso</i> and <i>whomsoever</i>.) These words have the following main meanings:

</p>

<ul><li>As more emphatic interrogative words, often expressing disbelief or puzzlement in mainly <a href="Rhetorical_question" title="Rhetorical question">rhetorical questions</a>: <i>Whoever could have done such a thing? Wherever has he gone?</i></li>

<li>To form <a href="Free_relative_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Free relative clause">free relative clauses</a>, as in <i>I'll do whatever you do</i>, <i>Whoever challenges us shall be punished</i>, <i>Go to wherever they go</i>. In this use, the nominal <i>-ever</i> words (<i>who(m)ever</i>, <i>whatever</i>, <i>whichever</i>) can be regarded as <a href="Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a> or as <a href="English_relative_clauses" title="English relative clauses">relative pronouns</a>.</li>

<li>To form <a href="Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clauses</a> with the meaning "no matter where/who/etc.": <i>Wherever they hide, I will find them.</i></li></ul>

<p>Some of these words have also developed independent meanings, such as <i>however</i> as an <a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> meaning "nonetheless"; <i>whatsoever</i> as an emphatic adverb used with <i>no</i>, <i>none</i>, <i>any</i>, <i>nothing</i>, etc. (<i>I did nothing wrong whatsoever</i>); and <i><a href="Whatever_(slang)" title="Whatever (slang)">whatever</a></i> in its slang usage.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h2></div>

<p>A frequent class of interrogative words in several other languages is the interrogative verb:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>:</li></ul>

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</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">날씨가</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nalssi-ga</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Weather-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>어떻</b>습니까?</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>eotteo</b>-sseumni-kka?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be.how-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="politeness fifth level" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL5</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="interrogative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INTERR</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">날씨가 <b>어떻</b>습니까?</p><p style="display: none;">Nalssi-ga <b>eotteo</b>-sseumni-kka?</p><p style="display: none;">Weather-NOM be.how-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="politeness fifth level" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL5</abbr>-INTERR</p><p style="clear: left;">"How's the weather?"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>:</li></ul>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">You</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>yaa</b>-vch</p><p style="margin: 0px;">do.what-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="concessive mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jaahan</p><p style="margin: 0px;">small</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">huuhed</p><p style="margin: 0px;">child</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bish</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bod-jii-ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">think-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NPAST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Chi <b>yaa</b>-vch jaahan huuhed bish gej bi bod-jii-ne</p><p style="display: none;">You do.what-CONC small child not that I think-PROG-NPAST</p><p style="clear: left;">"Whatever you do, I think you're not a small child." (Example taken from an Internet forum)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_Aboriginal_languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</h3></div>

<p>Interrogative <a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> in <a href="Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> are a diverse set of lexical items with functions extending far beyond simply the formation of questions (though this is one of their uses). These pronominal <a href="Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stems</a> are sometimes called <b>ignoratives</b> or <b>epistememes</b> because their broader function is to convey differing degrees of perceptual or <a href="Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">epistemic</a> certainty. Often, a singular ignorative stem may serve a variety of interrogative functions that would be expressed by different lexical items in, say, English through contextual variation and interaction with other <a href="Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> such as <a href="Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case-marking</a>. In <a href="Jingulu_language" title="Jingulu language">Jingulu</a>, for example, the single stem <i>nyamba</i> may come to mean 'what', 'where', 'why' or 'how' through combination with <a href="Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>, <a href="Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>, and <a href="Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> case suffixes:

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyamba</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyamarni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">manjku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">skin.name</p></div><p style="display: none;">nyamba nyamarni manjku</p><p style="display: none;">IGNOR 2SG.ERG skin.name</p><p style="clear: left;">What <a href="Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">skin</a> are you?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyamba-mbili-kaji</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr>-through</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mankiyi-mindi-ju</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sit-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, dual" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>-do</p></div><p style="display: none;">nyamba-mbili-kaji mankiyi-mindi-ju</p><p style="display: none;">IGNOR-LOC-through sit-1DU.INCL-do</p><p style="clear: left;">Where are we sitting?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nyamba-rna</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">arrkuja-nga-nku-ju</p><p style="margin: 0px;">scratch-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr>-do</p></div><p style="display: none;">Nyamba-rna arrkuja-nga-nku-ju</p><p style="display: none;">IGNOR-DAT scratch-1SG-REFL-do</p><p style="clear: left;">Why are you scratching?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Nyamba-arndi-kaji</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrument(al)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INST</abbr>-through</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nya-rriyi-rni</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Nyamba-arndi-kaji nya-rriyi-rni</p><p style="display: none;">IGNOR-INST-through 2SG-go.FUT-FOC</p><p style="clear: left;">How will you go?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>(Adapted from Pensalfini<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

</p><p>Other closely related languages, however, have less interrelated ways of forming wh-questions with separate <a href="Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a> for each of these wh-pronouns. This includes <a href="Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a>, which has a collection of entirely unrelated interrogative stems: <i>yinggiya</i> 'who', <i>ngamanda</i> 'what', <i>guda</i> 'where', <i>nyangurlang</i> 'when', <i>gun.garr-ma</i> 'how many/what kind'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Mushin (1995)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Verstraete (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide detailed overviews of the broader functions of ignoratives in an array of languages. The latter focuses on the lexeme <i>ngaani</i> in many <a href="Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman Languages</a> which can have a <a href="Wh_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Wh question">Wh</a>-like interrogative function but can also have a sense of epistemic indefiniteness or uncertainty like 'some' or 'perhaps;' see the following examples from <a href="Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umpithamu</a>:

</p><p><b>Wh-question</b>

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ngaani-ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi'athi-ngka=uurra-athungku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cry-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ngaani-ku mi'athi-ngka=uurra-athungku</p><p style="display: none;">IGNOR-DAT cry-PRS=2PL.NOM-1SG.ACC</p><p style="clear: left;">Why are you all crying for me?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p><b><a href="Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adnominal</a> / <a href="Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></b>

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yukurun</p><p style="margin: 0px;">gear</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ngaani</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yitha-n=antyampa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leave-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr>=<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kuura</p><p style="margin: 0px;">behind</p></div><p style="display: none;">yukurun ngaani yitha-n=antyampa kuura</p><p style="display: none;">gear IGNOR leave-PST=1PL.EXCL.NOM behind</p><p style="clear: left;">We left some gear behind</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p><b><a href="Adverbial" title="Adverbial">Adverbial</a></b>

</p>

<div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Yupa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">today</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">miintha</p><p style="margin: 0px;">good</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">iluwa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NOM</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ngaani</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ignorative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IGNOR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ngama-l</p><p style="margin: 0px;">see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperfect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMPERF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Yupa miintha iluwa ngaani ngama-l</p><p style="display: none;">today good 3SG.NOM IGNOR see-IMPERF</p><p style="clear: left;">Perhaps she is better today.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div>

</div>

<p>(Verstraete 2018)

</p>

<li><a href="Indeterminate_pronoun" title="Indeterminate pronoun">Indeterminate pronoun</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentence_function" title="Sentence function">Sentence function</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-vHarmony-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vHarmony_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vHarmony_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Finnish and Turkish have vowel harmony, see more <a href="Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">here</a></i></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pensalfini, Rob. 2003. <i>A Grammar of Jingulu : an Aboriginal language of the Northern Territory</i>. Canberra ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.</span>

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMerlan,_Francesca.1994" class="citation book cs1">Merlan, Francesca. (1994). <i>A grammar of Wardaman : a language of the Northern Territory of Australia</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-11-012942-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28926390">28926390</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMushin1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mushin, Liana (June 1995). "Epistememes in Australian languages∗". <i>Australian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>31. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07268609508599514">10.1080/07268609508599514</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0726-8602">0726-8602</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVerstraete2018" class="citation cs2">Verstraete, Jean-Christophe (2018-09-10), Olmen, Daniël; Mortelmans, Tanja; Brisard, Frank (eds.), "'Perhaps' in Cape York Peninsula", <i>Aspects of Linguistic Variation</i>, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>268, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110607963-010">10.1515/9783110607963-010</a></span>, <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F170669">1885/170669</a></span>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-060796-3</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li>

<li><a href="Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li>

<li><a href="Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li>

<li><a href="Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li>

<li><a href="Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li>

<li><a href="Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li>

<li><a href="Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li>

<li><a href="Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li>

<li><a href="Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li>

<li><a href="Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li>

<li><a href="Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li>

<li><a href="Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li>

<li><a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li>

<li><a href="Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li>

<li><a href="Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li>

<li><a href="Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li>

<li><a href="Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li>

<li><a href="Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li>

<li><a href="Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li>

<li><a href="Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li>

<li><a href="Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li>

<li><a href="Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li>

<li><a href="Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li>

<li><a href="Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li>

<li><a href="Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li>

<li><a href="Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li>

<li><a href="Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li>

<li><a href="Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li>

<li><a href="Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li>

<li><a href="Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li>

<li><a href="Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li>

<li><a href="Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li>

<li><a href="T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li>

<li><a href="Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li>

<li><a href="Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li>

<li><a href="Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li>

<li><a href="Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li>

<li><a href="Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li>

<li><a href="Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li>

<li><a href="Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li>

<li><a href="Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li>

<li><a href="Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a>

<ul><li><a href="Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li>

<li><a href="Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li>

<li><a href="Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Interrogative_word&oldid=1277216797">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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